Door: Vera Eising
Met een mop op het strand de plassen op te vegen omdat je genoeg hebt van dat het altijd zo nat is, hoe verzin je het! Stel je eens voor dat je met die simpele mop de zee wilt bedwingen, iets dat in staat is hele steden te vernietigen. Het is dwaasheid. De Amerikaanse humorist Benjamin P. Shillaber heeft van dit idee gebruik gemaakt bij het schrijven over de fictieve Mrs. Partington, een warhoofd die niet altijd de meest logische dingen deed. Zijn stuk over Mrs Partington is bekend geworden en gebruikt in propaganda van meerdere groeperingen in de negentiende en twintigste eeuw. Ook de suffragettes uit Groot Brittannië, de meest bekende vrouwenbeweging uit de twintigste eeuw, gebruikte Mrs. Partington met haar mop op het strand. Dit hergebruik van de figuur Mrs. Partington laat ons zien hoe symbolen en figuren meerdere keren gebuikt kunnen worden door verschillende groeperingen in de geschiedenis. Maar het beeld blijft hetzelfde.
Mrs. Partington is een personage uit het boek Life and sayings of Mrs. Partington. And others of the family (1854) dat door Shillaber is geschreven. De bedoeling van dit boek was vermaak, er zat geen enkele politieke boodschap achter volgens Shillaber. Toch hebben groeperingen zelf het bekende verhaal van de mop op het strand gebruiken een politieke boodschap gegeven als zij het gebruikte in hun propaganda. Misschien is het feit dat er nog geen boodschap achter zet wel de reden dat veel verschillende groeperingen Mrs. Partington hebben kunnen gebruiken voor hun propaganda. Een voorbeeld van hoe Mrs. Partington werd gebruikt door andere groeperingen dan de suffragettes is bijvoorbeeld in de presidentsverkiezingen van de Verenigde Staten. In 1880 ging het tussen de republikein James Carfield en Winfield S. Hancock. De republikeinen hebben een prent gemaakt van Mrs. Partington die met haar mop de vloed probeert tegen te houden. Mrs. Partington Hancock was hier Winfield S. Hancock die met een mop probeerde de republikeinse tegen te houden, een onmogelijke opgave volgens de prent. Uiteindelijk verloor Hancock ook van de republikein Carfield. Het beeld van Mrs. Partington die de zee probeert de bedwingen is een symbool geworden van iets proberen tegen te houden dat hoe dan ook wel gebeurd. Net als het proberen tegen te houden van de opkomst van smartphones, iedereen wilt ze hebben en ze vergemakkelijken het leven dus komen ze er toch wel wat je ook probeert. Een ander voorbeeld waarin Mrs. Partington hetzelfde voorstelt is een prent uit Londen over de blue law enforcement. De regering wilde de gokhuizen in Londen en omstreken sluiten omdat de samenleving zouden bederven en er veel geld naar ging dat op andere gebieden gebruikt kon worden. De nieuwe wet, Blue law enforcement, werd met geweld uitgevoerd door de politie. Dit leidde tot veel protest waaronder ook deze prent. Mrs. Partington beeld hier de Blue law enforcement uit die met haar bezem ‘raids on the gambling houses’ de plassen ‘Police Graft’ en ‘Gambling houses profits’ de zee in probeert te vegen, maar aan de horizon komt de vloed van ‘Tendency of man to gamble’ op die niet kan worden gestopt.
Ook de suffragettes hebben dit figuur meerdere keren in hun propaganda gebruikt. Zoals in het voorbeeld dat in deze blog wordt gebruikt: ‘The new Mrs. Partington’ van Ernestine Mills. Mills was een kunstenares in een tijd dat het niet echt makkelijk was te overleven in dat vakgebied. Veel kunstenaressen werkten daarom voor de suffragettes en ontwierpen propagandamaterialen. Mills heeft deze prent, ‘the new Mrs. Parington’, ook ontworpen voor de suffragettes. De prent valt de anti-suffragettesbeweging aan en zet haar in negatief daglicht. Mrs. Partington stelt hier de anti-suffragettesbeweging voor. Zij probeert de vloed tegenhouden die wordt gevoed door belangrijke zaken waar de suffragettes voor streden. Zoals de medical women, working women, taxpayers enzovoort. Onderwerpen die bij de vrouwenbeweging erg belangrijk waren. Aan de horizon is de opkomende zon van het vrouwenkiesrecht te zien. Mrs. Partington probeert hier dus tevergeefs het vrouwenkiesrecht tegen te houden waarvan de suffragettes vonden dat elke vrouw daar recht op hadden. Wat opmerkelijk aan deze prent is, is dat Mrs. Partington een vrouw is terwijl het een beweging verbeeld die voornamelijk uit mannen ontstond. Dit lijkt bijna een standpunt van de suffragettes te zijn dat ze gelijk zijn aan hun en er geen verschil is tussen de man en vrouw. Ook is de Mrs. Partington gekleed als een nette, beschaafde en welgestelde vrouw, een beeld dat volgens de antibeweging de ideale vrouw was. Maar dit is wel de Mrs. Partington. Hoe beschaafd ze er ook uitziet, van binnen is ze maar een warhoofd. Ondertussen zijn het de werkende en opgeleide vrouwen die met de golf haar overmeesteren om kiesrecht voor vrouwen te krijgen.
De ‘New Mrs. Partington’ van Ernestine Mills is dus een figuur dat al vaker in de geschiedenis is gebruikt door groeperingen. Maar de betekenis is altijd hetzelfde: de verandering is onmogelijk om tegen te houden, hoe eigenwijs je ook bent. Het is een figuur die zelfs in de propaganda van de eenentwintigste eeuw gebruikt zou kunnen worden. Maar er nog maar weinig mensen zijn die Mrs Partington kennen. Wat deze ansichtkaart wel kan bijdragen is om bewust te worden van het feit dat symbolen en figuren in de hele geschiedenis gebruikt kunnen worden, maar dat de betekenis erachter niet hoeft te veranderen. Ook laat deze kaart zien hoe propaganda werd gebruikt door de suffragettes en dat ze ook andere manieren hadden dan geweld om te strijden voor vrouwenkiesrecht. Nu, meer dan honderd jaar later, hebben vrouwen wel kiesrecht en zijn ze in principe gelijke van de man.
Zie de links in de tekst voor de andere bronnen die er genoemd worden.
verdere literatuur hierover:
Collections v&A informatie over Ernestine mills
http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O64625/mirror-mills-ernestine/ (2-12-2015).
Sheila Rowbotham, A century of woman. The history of woman in Britain and the United States (Londen 1999)
Lisa Tickner, The Spectacle of Women. Imagery of the Suffrage Campaign 1907-14 (London 1988) ix-xii.
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